Payroll System Essay

A.)Introduction: Business are arising in all the sides of the globe. Man power are very much well present in every business there is. This project allows the speed up the process of calculating payrolls with the capability of generating reports. B.) Problem definition In today’s world. The bigger the company, the higher the possibility that the calculations of salaries to employees would be a great disaster to the company itself. The system has the capability of doing calculation with major vast of people which is hard to monitor. It speeds up the calculation of payrolls for the employees, insuring that the payment are both accurate and precise. One of the major problem that the system could not do is to render the specific time for every transaction of employees in each company. C.) Objectives of the study The main goal is to give the system that can provide and enhance their existing system in order for them to accurately monitor the attendance of each employee and to minimize their workloads with regards on computing salaries loan and cash advances. D.) Terms of references of the study By giving this fee services. The company has to give us full access to the system that the company uses or the data’s concerning the employees and their backgrounds. In return, the system that we’ll provide would be free of charge. This is for research purposes. E.)Expected Benefit Payroll System is the heart of any human resource system of an organization. The solution has to take care of the calculation of salary as per rules of the company. In this study we used to developed computer based payroll system to improve a faster, easier and reliable of way of payroll. It helps the staff of the company for easy filing and conducting their finance share in every employee, clerk and maintenance of their company. Payroll system can be used to speed up the process of calculating pay, ensuring that payments are both accurate and precise. They save you the burden of learning and understanding complex payroll legislation. Trouble free payroll processing is a critical need of any business. Payroll software completes payroll calculations within a fraction of the time it would take to do them manually. Another huge advantage of running payroll software over a manual process is in the reporting, most systems allow, weekly, month and annually required reports to be run at the press of a button. It possible with a lot of payroll software to integrate with your time sheet systems that record employee attendance or time worked. It a simple way for information about employee hours worked to be transferred into the payroll system removing yet another layer of manual processing. System Proposal Payroll system is used to maintain a list of employee’s names, addresses and employment information and used to interactively calculate and print payroll check. The proponents main goal to give the school the system that can provide and enhance their existing system in order for them to accurately monitor the attendance of each employee. Employee’s hours are entered and distributed to appropriate department. Annualized tax tables are then used to automatically compute deductions before the check is printed on bank stock. Monthly and quarterly reports are used to prepare tax filings, and provide analytical information. It help the owner to correct the flaws in terms of computing the employee’s salary by computing it right after the day. First the system will ask the employee to enter your employees no. and password. If your name and password does not match the employees that is stored to the database the system will display a message box, but if the employees and password match the database a message box will appear telling â€Å" Welcome!†. Secondly, this system can add employee. View and compute their salary and produce their pay slip. Can view the personal information about the employees. FEASIBILITY STUDY An employer uses a payroll system to process its payroll. Payroll cannot be processed without payroll system because with the use of this system, it can minimize the work of an employer. A payroll system allows the employer to pay employees on time and accurately, then comply with other regulations. It can make the employer to be easily get the information of all the employee and so that the calculation of the salary of each employee will be computed right. The proponents main goal to give the school the system that can provide and enhance their existing system in order for them to accurately monitor the attendance of each employee. And for the admin staff to lessen their workloads with regards on computing salaries loan and Feasibility Study An employer uses a payroll system to process its payroll. Consequently, payroll cannot be processed without a payroll system. A payroll system allows the employer to pay employees on time and accurately, plus comply with other statutory regulations.

Genetic Engineering Tutorial

Chapter 14 Genetic Engineering Choose the best answer for each question. 1. Using this key, put the phrases in the correct order to form a plasmid carrying the recombinant DNA. Key: 1) use restriction enzymes 2) Use DNA ligase 3) Remove plasmid from parent bacterium 4) Introduce plasmid into new host bacterium. A. 1, 2, 3, 4C. 3, 1, 2, 4 B. 4, 3, 2,1 D. 2, 3, 1, 4 2. Which is not a clone? A. a colony of identical bacterial cells B. identical quintuplets C. a forest of identical trees D. eggs produced by oogenesis E. copies of a gene through PCR 3.Restriction enzymes found in bacterial cells are ordinarily used A. during DNA replication B. to degrade the bacterial cell’s DNA C. to degrade viral DNA that enters the cell D. to attach pieces of DNA together 4. Recombinant DNA technology is used A. for gene therapy B. to clone a gene C. to make a particular protein D. to clone a specific piece of DNA E. All of these are correct 5. In order for bacterial cells to express human genes , A. the recombinant DNA must not contain introns. B. reverse transcriptase is sometimes used to make complementary DNA from an mRNA molecule.C. bacterial regulatory genes must be included. D. All of these are correct. 6. The polymerase chain reaction A. utilizes RNA polymerase B. takes place in huge bioreactors C. utilizes temperature insensitive enzyme D. makes lots of nonidentical copies of DNA E. All of these are correct 7. DNA fingerprinting can be used for which of these? A. identifying human remains B. identifying infectious diseases C. finding evolutionary links between organisms D. solving crimes E. All of these are correct 8. DNA amplified by PCR and then used for fingerprinting could come from A. ny diploid or haploid cell B. only white blood cells that have been karyotyped C. only skin cells after they are dead D. only purified animal cells E. both B and D are correct 9. Which of these pairs is incorrectly matched? A. DNA ligase – DNA fingerprint B. Restriction en zymes – Cloning C. DNA fragments – DNA fingerprinting D. DNA polymerase – PCR 10. Which of these is an incorrect statement? A. bacteria secrete the biotechnology product into the medium B. plants are being engineered to have human proteins in their seeds. C. nimals are engineered to have a human protein in their milk. D. animals can be cloned, but plants and bacteria cannot. 11. Which of these is not needed in order to clone an animal? A. sperm from a donor animal B. nucleus from an adult animal cell C. enucleated egg from a donor animal D. host female to develop the embryo E. All of these are needed 12. Because the human genome Project, we know or will know the A. sequence of the base pairs of our DNA B. sequence of genes along the human chromosomes C. mutations that lead to genetic disorders D.All of these are correct 13. The restriction enzyme called EcoRI has cut double stranded DNA in the following manner. The piece of foreign DNA to be inserted has what ba ses from the left and from the right? 14. Which of these is a true statement? A. Plasmids can serve as vectors B. Plasmids are linear DNA found in viruses C. Plasmids can replicate in the host cell D. Both A and C are correct 15. Which of these is a benefit of having insulin produced by biotechnology? A. It is just as effective B. It can be mass produced C. It is less expensive D. All of the above

Leading Toward E-Learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Leading Toward E-Learning - Essay Example r crowds functioning online or offline, and simultaneously or coincidentally via systematized or separate computers and additional electronic gadgets (Naidu, 1). The present study talks about an issue that impacts the quality of e-learning courses in colleges. Several colleges have initiated to address the confrontation of computing not just their advancement in initiating e-learning into training and learning, but what consequence their e-learning approach is having on students. Every kind of practice inside the college and university has been altered by the expansion of the World Wide Web (www) and associated technologies (Brown and Jackson, 1). E-learning provides several benefits to colleges and universities. Some of them are: - learning is self rated and offers learners an opportunity to accelerate to hold back whenever necessary; education is self-aimed at, permitting learners to decide substance and suitable to their contradictory interests, requirement and ability levels; contains manifold learning approaches using as truth of liberation processes devised to dissimilar students, more efficient for entrain beginners; probably lesser costs for organizations requiring guidance and for the suppliers; improve computer and internet proficiencies; illustrates hundreds of reputable educational values; has the awareness of every main university in the job, the majority with their personal online degrees, credentials and personal course (Manjunath and Patil, 3). One of the major issues that impacts the quality of e-learning courses within colleges is that learners can study from anywhere in the world. This is a particularly significant contemplation for learners who desire to learn in a different nation. In this study, Delta College, Michigan, U.S. will be taken into consideration. The strategy that will be discussed in this paper will be library automation. Through e-learning, the students will be saving their time without going to colleges and universities.

Synopsis Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Synopsis - Movie Review Example As the discussion outlines next a pair of black men are walking down the street after a visit to a local eatery where they discuss pervasive racism in American culture yet also carjack a local district attorney and his wife. In the Cabbot’s household the couple has their locks changed owing to a fear of increased crime, yet the locksmith is a young Latino male who the wife does not trust owing to his tattoos.This paper declares that after this point a young police officer named John speaks on the telephone with his health care advisor who explains that they will not help John’s father to which he makes a racit remark to the woman. At this point John and his partner ‘Tom’ pull over a SUV and interrogate a black couple (John at this point gropes the female character which enrages and disappoints the husband). This creates a tremendous problem between the couple and stirs a serious argument about how the husband did nothing. At this point the film follows Dani el who returns home to find his daughter under the bed because she is afraid of some gunshots, which prompts the father to suggest that she need not worry as she has a ‘make belief’ bullet-proof vest.  After the racist incident, Tom request from his commanding officer that he get a transfer owing to the nature of the racist incident. To which to officer suggests Tom simpy put in a transfer owing to the possible damage the accusations could make.

Assessment Task2 an individual report on international marketing Research Paper

Assessment Task2 an individual report on international marketing environment assessment - Research Paper Example Facilitating international business and marketing has been the underlying strategy of Australia that is directed towards strengthening the country’s economy and the country has been able to achieve that this far. The study of these factors has also enabled the researcher to determine the major challenges for international marketers as well as major prospects for international marketers in the country. The study concludes that although the Australian marketing environment is associated with certain drawbacks, the benefits and opportunities that it provides to the global marketers outweighs all drawbacks and constraints and makes marketing in Australia a prospective decision. Table of Contents 1. Introduction 4 2.International marketing environment in Australia 5 2.1.Political forces 5 2.2.Economic forces 6 2.3.Financial forces 7 2.4.Social forces 8 2.5.Cultural forces 8 2.6.Technological forces 9 2.7. Legal forces 9 3. Current challenges for international marketers 10 4. Opport unities for international marketers 10 5. Conclusion 11 Reference List 12 1. ... International marketing is the process of marketing on a global scale by integrating or taking commercial advantage of operational differences that can be identified globally as well as the similarities and opportunities present all over the world in order to fulfil objectives as far as expanding internationally is concerned (Baack, Harris and Baack, 2013). The authors have explained that international marketing involves the activity of franchising, exporting and merging or a complete direct entry of a marketing organization into a foreign country. Following this, a company needs to develop a marketing mix specific to the country of expansion as a part of its international marketing strategy (Buckley, 2002). It can be as straightforward as implementing an existing marketing strategy, product mix and tools for export and alongside that, the company can formulate highly complex relationship strategy that includes localization, pricing, regional product offerings, production and distrib ution. Globalization and international marketing caters to meet the needs and requirements of the targeted foreign country whereby a company can export its value, thereby achieving optimization and efficiency in economies of scale and scope as well as facilitating inter-firm and firm learning (Felzensztein et al., 2013). The abovementioned theories explain the importance of international marketing as far as a company’s growth and success strategy is concerned. For a company planning to expand internationally, a detailed judgement of the market prospects along with a thorough evaluation of the PESTEL environment of the target country is pivotal. This is primarily

U.K.FILM INDUSTRY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

U.K.FILM INDUSTRY - Essay Example On waking up, The Bride sets out on a bloody trail of vengeance killing her ex-colleagues one-by-one, leaving Bill for the end, thus deriving the eponymous name of the movie. Written and directed by Quentin Tarantino, the movie is divided into ten chapters, five per volume. Chronological fragmentation leaves the viewer guessing till the start of Volume 2 (Chapter six: Massacre at Two Pines) as to the exact motivations behind The Bride's gory path of violence. Most reviews were positive with some critics calling it a masterpiece. Detractors pointed to its questionable morality, pop-culture dialog and graphic depictions of extreme violence. Many scenes were filmed on location in China, Japan and North America and completed over eight months of shooting. Produced by Miramax Films a subsidiary of The Walt Disney Company (Disney), it had an initial budget of US $42 million which shot to $60 million plus under the direction of Miramax' golden boy -Tarantino. Miramax, founded by brothers Harvey and Bob Weinstein in 1979, started life as a independent film distribution company before being acquired by Disney in 1993 for $80 million. From the beginning, the Weinstein brothers focused on the independent film segment, generally shunned by the big studios due to the perceived lack of commercial viability. A string of stellar hits made them an acquisition target for Disney and Harvey Weinstein grew to become the "darling" distributor of the experimental and independent feature film world and ultimately emerged as one of the most powerful and influential moguls in Hollywood.2 Kill Bill was distributed in the UK by Buena Vista International, the global distribution arm of Disney. Research Methods: The primary source of information in researching this paper has been the Internet. Material on subjects of popular culture like movies is exhaustively available, giving one a wide range of perspectives to study and analyze. One of the dangers with Internet based research is the larger scope for factual errors due to source inaccuracies. This has been largely mitigated by cross verifying the information from different sources. For example, the Harry Weinstein biography referenced here has been reviewed at Wikipedia3 as well as IMDB (Internet Movie Database)4 and Yahoo! Movies5. Evidence of Commercial Relevance: Originally, Kill Bill was written and filmed as a single movie extending slightly over four hours. Harvey Weinstein fearing audience fatigue over such a long movie hit upon the idea of editing it and shrewdly released it as two films during the last quarter of 2003 and the first quarter of 2004. The timing proved to be a stroke of marketing genius. The films featured in the top ranks in two consecutive years in addition to raking in a huge commercial gross. They were a big success ranking in the top 25 at the UK box office in both years of release, with combined worldwide receipts exceeding US $331 million6 ( 190 million). In the UK, their combined box office gross was over 20 million7. Video rental and DVD sales have also shown very strong numbers with rental figures touching $25 million (as of 25th April 2004) and first day US DVD sales reaching $40 million. Background: Movie genre classification is problematic in that most movies have long since crossed over from a rigid formulaic approach to entertainment with central themes spanning

Leadership and Managment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Leadership and Managment - Assignment Example This paper approves that the manager sees the existence of the conflict but deliberately tries to avoid it. The manager tries to ignore the sentiments raised by the team members. In as far as the aspect of accommodating is concerned, it can be seen that the other party tries to appease others through placing their priorities on top of his. The other aspect is related to compromising where each party tries to give up something as a way of resolving the conflict. this stage deals with behaviour where it can be seen that the conflict becomes visible in the organisation. In this case, the behaviour of the team members has negatively changed since there is low morale in the organization after the encounter described above. Communication involves the exchange of information between parties involved in a certain conflict. In order to solve group conflicts, there are certain steps that can be taken by the leaders. There are three ways of solving inter-group conflict namely: peaceful coexiste nce, compromise and problem solving. This essay makes a conclusion that in an organisation, it can be noted that conflict is inevitable but it can be solved amicably depending on the leader’s capability and interpersonal skills towards finding ways of resolving conflicts. In the scenario described above, it has been noted that the leader is too authoritarian hence he could not listen to the views of the members of the team. This created the conflict described above. Therefore, it is recommended that the leader should implement the following measures in order to avoid a similar situation in the future.

Monetary policy in china Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Monetary policy in china - Coursework Example The money market of China is considered as an indicator for funding to the financial institutions and to the smaller banks existing in the economy. The financial system plays an important role in the growth and expansion of China. The economy of china is being considered as the second largest economy of the world. The financial system of China is mainly dominated by the banking sector. The banking sector contributes more than three fifth of its credit to the private sector. The main source of the economic growth of China is from the banking sector. The financial system of China has also undergone modifications with the end of monopoly in the banking sector of the country. The banking system of China mainly constitutes two third of the financial asset of the financial system. The financial intermediaries’ plays a crucial role in the financial system of the country. The four state owned banks of China mainly dominate the market. The household savings are conducted by the financial intermediaries under the pressure of the government of China. The monetary policy of China is very complex. In order to facilitate the growth an d development in the economy, the Central bank of china has invested cash in the financial system. The interest rates this country are almost zero therefore the central bank of the country has to switch to lower funding cost. The article reflects on the economic growth of China. China is experiencing a slowdown in the economic growth and development in the recent years. The growth has decreased to more than 7% in the first quarter. China has been experiencing a slowdown in its economy since 2009. But it has gained momentum in the recent years. This situation has created more pressure on the Central bank of the country to ease its fiscal and monetary policy. The cut in the interest rate has affected the liquidity position of the economy which has

Robotic Surgery Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Robotic Surgery - Assignment Example The robot equals the doctors’ movement in performing the procedures using small instruments. Incorporation of progressed human resource in hospitals has created a big impact in resource utilization in the economic sectors (Gharagozloo, & Najam, 2009). If hospitals can implement better human resource strategies that provide better working conditions for workers, it will create an improvement of patient care through streamlined processes, minimized medical errors and reduced duplication. Medical errors such as performing wrong surgery and administering wrong dosage could be easily avoided if computerized providers order systems are used (Satava, & Network for Continuing Medical Education, 2001). Human Resources accustom fresh employees to the working environment through various ways. The most fundamental way of introducing a new employee in the Surgery section is complete orientation program. According to Stock & Lanteri, (2008), Orientation enables new employees to engage in commitments so as to achieve success. This also enables them to understand basic expectations, Hospital policies and culture. Orientation provides commitment and awareness to patient focused care and customer service. This results to a sense of pride to the hospital. Orientation to regulatory and legal requirements provides a platform to get conversant with the healthcare environment. Improved Human resource and medical operations in surgical robotic systems allows for more precise performance of technical procedures, pre-programmed task and less hostile surgical procedures. Advanced medical technology through enhanced human resource will create an impact on the kind of medical care for different medical conditions in a period of time. According to Zender, (2011), improvements of biomaterials and robotics will radically change the processes by which illnesses are treated and

Project Report on Education Society Essay Example for Free

Project Report on Education Society Essay Activities of the Promoting Body including a listing of major educational promotional activities undertaken till now. 2. 4. Mission of the Promoting Body 2. 5. Vision of the Promoting Body CHAPTER III : OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE PROPOSED PROGRAMME 3. 1 Objectives 3. 2 General and Commerce Education Scenario in the State 3. 3 Status at Entry Level 3. 4. Status of Commerce Level manpower 3. 5 Industrial Scenario of the State 3. 6 Scope of the College vis-a-vis the Industrial Scenario and Educational Facilities already available in the State and in this Institute. CHAPTER IV :ACADEMIC PROGRAMMES 4. 1 Basic Academic Philosophy of the Institution 4. 2 Types of Programmes 4. 3. Identified Programmes 4. 4. Phase-wise Introduction of Programmes amp; Intake 4. 5 Target Date for Start of Academic Programmes 4. 6 Central Computing facility 4. 7 Central Library 4. 8 Affiliating Body 4. 11 Scholarships CHAPTER V: SALIENT FEATURES OF ACADEMIC DIVISIONS 5. 1 Classification of Academic Divisions i. e. Departments,Centres, Schools, Central Academic Facilities. 5. 2. (i) Commerce (120 seats) 5. 2. (i) 1 Academic Objectives 5. 2. (i) 2. : Areas of Focus . 2. (i) 3. : Academic Programme 5. 2. 4 : Faculty Requirement amp; Phase-wise Recruitment 5. 2. 5 : Requirement of Laboratories, Space and Equipment (cost) 5. 2. 6 : Requirement of other Space like Class Rooms,Faculty Rooms, Departmental Office. CHAPTER VI : LINKAGES IN TECHNICAL EDUCATION 6. 1. : Introduction 6. 2. : Linkages with Industry 6. 3. : Linkages with the Community 6. 4. : Linkages with Institutions of excellence such as the IIMs a nd ICAI. 6. 5. : Linkages Abroad CHAPTER VII : GOVERNANCE 7. 1. : Philosophy of Governance 7. 2. : State amp; Central Governance CHAPTER VIII : ACADEMIC amp; ADMINISTRATIVE MANAGEMENT 8. 1. : Organizational Structure amp; Chart for day-to-day Operations amp; Management 8. 2. : Role and Responsibilities of Key Senior Positions 8. 3. : Methods/Style of Administration/Management CHAPTER I : BRIEF DETAILS OF COLLABORATING PARTNERS. A. Gurukul Education Society In the following pages brief details of collaborating parteners 1) and 2) - are given B. INTRODUCTION To meet the increasing demand of qualified manpower in the field of emerging areas of commerce and Industry. And to provide the Primary education facilities to common man in village, Gurukul Education society, pune is formed with the approval of All India council for Education, Govt of india. It is affiliated to Pune University and Pune Board. In todays World of 21 century, our country is on the road map of Globalization, hence more and more industries are attracting towards India and specially towards Rural Area. As they are considering there rural area as beneficial investment. Hence Gurukul Education society is planning to open a Primary School and Commerce college in Pune District at Yavat. C. Backround of the Counsultants. Solution Provider pvt. Ltd. are appointed as consultants to regularize amp; assist for project completion. The Solution Provider are serving various clients for last 25 years. They have very good goodwill in market amp; commitment complier. CHAPTER II : THE PROMOTING BODY 2. 1 Introduction to its Genesis including its Registration Status Gurukul Education Society, registered in 1998 in pune has established Gurukul Institute of commerce in Pune. Whose members include well-known Industrialists, Businessmen, Professionals and Educationists. The people associated with the Society are engaged in rendering social services in Pune and Mumbai. The members of the society are committed to provide the investment needed for the education with global competitiveness. No compromise is made in ensuring the high quality of education in the Institute. 2. 2. Details of its Promoters including their Background The promoters consist of Industrialists, Businessmen, Professionals Educationists. The list is given on the following pages. In there are a large number of members in the following categories: (i) Founder Members : 44 ii) Members : 39 (iii) Aajiwan Sahyogi : 156 (iv) Donors : 21 2. 3 Activities of the Promoting Body including a listing of major educational promotional activities undertake till now. The promoters of the society have been involved in various activities related to basic and professional education, health care and have established a number of educational institutions consisting of Engineering College, Polytechnic, IT I and are also managing Five Public Schools at various locations in Maharashtra. 2. 4 Mission of the Promoting Body The missions are mentioned below: 1. To arrange, establish, run and manage Nursery, Primary Higher Secondary and Higher Education in Commerce Institutions. Colleges for all types of higher education; preparation for various competitive examinations and civil services and to provide education to the General Public, poor and needy children, SC, ST Community and other sections of the society and to provide education as per the Policy of the Govt. of India. 2. To arrange, establish run, manage, control, lookafter, and super-vise Commerce Educational Institutions, Colleges, Lecture halls, part time Coaching Education Centre n Charitable basis and other establishments or Institution for advancement of education and knowledge in arts, science, social science, knowledge of public hygine, literature and humanities, etc. 3. To establish environment preservation and pollution control centres to restrain the spread of pollution and to conduct such programmes which aim at preservation of environment, improvement and control of pollu tion. 2. 5 Vision of the Promoting Body †¢ To provide for excellence in Commerce Education and Research. To provide computers as: an aid to study, an object of study, a professional tool, an intellectual tool, an instrument of social change. †¢ To develop strong communication skills in the students †¢ To create awareness for social, historical, ethical, cultural and human values. †¢ To create a culture for self and life long learning. †¢ To create an intellectual spirit and capability for critical judgement. †¢ To establish a symbiotic relationship with industries. †¢ To develop entrepreneurship programmes and promote student entrepreneurs. †¢ To develop continuing education programmes. To create an awareness for development with equity and environmental values. †¢ To undertake resource generation and provide consultancy services. CHAPTER III : OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE PROPOSED PROGRAMME 3. 1 Objectives 3. 1-i GURUKUL SCHOOL. * To prom ote preliminary education * To open Marathi medium amp; English medium school * To promote extra circular activities such as, sports, social activities, art etc. * Enhancement of quality of education to students 3. 1-ii GURUKUL COMMERCE COLLEGE. * Access to modern course material of international level. Enhancement of quality of education to students. * Enhancement in avenues for jobs to the student. * Enhancement in value addition to the existing programme. * Initiation of post graduation education. 3. 2 General and Commerce Education Scenario in the State Pune can be rightly called an Educational city. There is One Central Universities, and a number of Deemed Universities. 3. 3 Status at Entry Level Gurukul School Child completed 3 years of age can start Pre preliminary house followed by Preliminary amp; secondary school life. Gurukul Commerce College 0+2 students in Commerce stream opt for Commerce Courses. The number of seats available in Pune per thousand students compared to o ther states is very low. This imbalance needs to be corrected. CHAPTER IV: ACADEMIC PROGRAMMES 4. 1 Classification of Academic Division The following major divisions/departments exist in the school amp; college. * Pre preliminary * Preliminary (Std. 1st to 4th ) * Secondary ( Std. 5th to 10th ) * Higher Secondary ( Std. 11th amp; 12th ) * Graduation in Commerce ( B. com) * Post Graduation in Commerce (M. com) 4. 2 Entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurship is the greatest service to the society. The fruit of Commerce is harvested by the entrepreneur and served to the society in different baskets and packages. The prosperity of the society is directly linked to the successful entrepreneurs. 4. 3 Liberalization and Globalization: If a society is compelled to single out one determinant of competitiveness, in the era of globalisation based economy, one has no option but to choose commerce education since in the end people are the ultimate assets in global competition. This Institute imparts education for global competitiveness. . 4 Computerization of Learning Process : As already mentioned, Computer is the central medium for the learning process viz, (i) Visualization of concepts and processes through graphics and multimedia in multidimensional continuum, (ii) Analytical details under changing parameters and environment, (iii) Tutorial software for deeper understanding of the subject, (iv) Self paced learning, which normal ly can not be created without computers. The Institute provides seamless opportunities for innovative learning. CHAPTER V: SALIENT FEATURES OF ACADEMIC DIVISIONS 5. 1. :Academic Objectives Through this course of School amp; college students are well versed in Commerce amp; being made aware of the endless opportunities opened by the application of academic knowledge amp; information technology for a total integration of system spanning and global scenario. There is a great demand for such manpower as the industries are moving for a higher level of globalisation. 5. 2. : Areas of Focus Globalisation amp; finance transferency. 5. 3:Faculty Requirement amp; Phase-wise Recruitment For the collaborative programme with the University all faculty members will must have Ph. D. degrees. For the collaborative programme with the University the following key faculty members have already been identified to be appointed. (i) Professor Yogesh Mathur Accounts (ii) Professor V. P. Srivastava Financial Management (iii) Professor M. M. Bhutani Corporate Law (iv) Professor Suresh Chandra Computer (v) Dr. C. R. Roy Humanities (vi) Dr. Krishan Kumar Costing Others will be appointed in consultation with key faculty members through proper advertisements. 5. 4: Requirement of Laboratories, Space and Equipment For school we require to have laboratories amp; no need to have laboratories for commerce college. Space requirement for such laboratory will be substantial. All equipments required are of high quality amp; will be ordered from reputed suppliers. CHAPTER VI : LINKAGES IN TECHNICAL EDUCATION 6. 1. : Introduction School amp; commerce college education is based on societal needs of today and tomorrow. Society is seamlessly becoming dependent of Information Technology, All aspects of human endeavour is taking new shapes and directions for a higher level of productivity, efficiency for over all development. 6. 2. : Linkages with Industry The Institute promotes the activities in co-operation with the Industries. Students and Faculty members are sent to visit Industries. With M/s. Laxmi Iyer, a more compact relationship has been undertaken as specified by them. 6. 3. : Linkages with the Community : The requirements of the Community have been well studied and crystallized. Accordingly, educational programs have been designed. Pune is becoming metropolitan city. Hence, the needs of the community here are different from the rural community. The education at the Institution provides deep knowledge amp; computer skills. 6. 4. : Linkages with other Institutions in the region : There is initiative to linkage with all the Commerce Institutes in India like ICAI, ICSI. This will help students to per sue professional education while taking formal education with Institute. 6. 5. : Linkages Abroad Efforts are made to have linkage with abroad universities/Institutes, as the infrastructures and faculty are no less than any foreign institutes. Therefore, this collaboration will bridge this gap and help students to be globalise in every aspect be it education or job. CHAPTER VII: FINANCIAL ASPECT 7. 1: Organisational structure and chart for day to day operation and management. President/secretary (chairman) HEAD OFADMINISTRATIVEEXAMINATIONLIBRARIAN DEPARTMENTOFFICERBRANCH/INCHARGE FACULTYSUPERINTENDENT ATTENDANCESTAFFDEPARTMENT OF STAFF HOUSE KEEPING DATA ENTRYATTENDANT TELEPHONE OPERATOR OPERATOR STORE INCHARGE CLERKS ELECTRICIAN CANTEEN 7. 2: SCHOLARSHIPS. Institutes believes, it has responsibility towards society in which functioning and also provides help to students of weaker section of society especially SC/ST/NT. * State government provides scholarship to weaker students whose income is below average. Arrange for education loan to needy students from banks. * Issue free books to meritorious students. * Also help meritorious but poor, physically challenge and orphan students. * Grants provides by university grant commission. 7. 3: PHASEWISE FINANCIAL REQUIRMENT. Financial requirement for building, furniture, library, labs and workshops, teaching and non-teaching staff is on the following lines. The cost analysis is based on the current rates. 7. 4: S alary: teaching and non-teaching staff is as follows. particulars| Amount(in rupees p. m)| Principal| 75,000| Professor| 50,000| Assistant professor | 35,000| Lecturers | 25,000| Lab assistant| 15,000| Maintenance staff| 13,000| Office assistant| 13,000| Librarian| 10,000| TOTAL| 2,30,000| 7. 5: Land, Building amp; Infrastructure Facility Land| 130,00,000| Building| 100,00,000| Lab amp; workshop| 40,00,000| Computer Lab| 25,00,000| Furniture| 20,00,000| Library| 15,00,000| TOTAL| 330,00,000| 7. 6: Strategies for Financial Mobilization * Some promoters are businessmen and have their own commercial institutes amp; construction Institute. * Any shortage, the financial mobilization will be through unsecured loan from non-financial institutes. * Interest free loan from promoters. After completion of eligibility and all documents, Central Government and State Government will provide grants for continuing such project. * Donations will be accepted from public. CHAPTER VIII: GOVERNANCE AND ACADEMIC amp; ADMINISTRATIVE MANAGEMENT: 8. 1: Philosophy of Governance It is said the best governance is that which does not govern. But the underlying Meaning of this is not chaos by but order. This concept of governance bestows Autonomy in decision making with responsibility and Co-ordination. There is a Total freedom for innovative measures and a total Co-ordination from top to Bottom. The decisions are taken at the top but with inputs from the lower rungs So, the governance ensures total participation across the various hierarchies. Head of the Department. Is helped by the faculty members. The Dean is helped by the HODs and faculty members both Director is helped by the Dean, HOD and Faculty members. The Chairman/General Secretary are helped by the Directors And Dean. 8. 2: Methods/Style of Administration/Management The administration is participative. Every faculty member has certain responsibility Delegated to him. 20 students are attached to one faculty member who is designated Group Counselors for that set of students. Group Counselors meet their respective Groups once in a month to know the problems being faced by students Group Counselor Provide the briefs of the meetings to the Director, Director (E) and Dean on matters Related to education, administration and emotional support that the students need. Thus, the problem identification is done at the grass-root level and administrative remedial steps are taken of the appropriate lands. Similarly, grievances of Faculty and Staff are also resolved in a transparent manner. 8. 3: RULES AND REGULATION OF GOVERMEND IN INDIA REGARDING OPENING OF SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES. FIRST STEP: Schools and college cannot be set up by private entities. They have to be run by a society formed under the Societies Act of 1860, or a trust under Public Trust Act as existent in different states, or by forming a Company under Section 25 of the Companies Act 1956. In other words, a school and college have to be set up strictly as a non-profit business. At least that is the theory. Setting up a school and college is not just about constructing physical infrastructure in the form of building classrooms and setting up libraries and laboratories. It does involve obtaining permissions and licenses from concerned authorities at various stages. It starts with the setting up of a trust or a society, with a Governing board of five or six members, with a president, chairperson, and a secretary duly identified, as specified under the law. This article will focus primarily on identifying the various steps involved in Opening a school, providing facility for the study for students. SECOND STEP: Once the governing entity, whether a company, trust, or society, comes into existence, it will have to Look for land. There are two possibilities—one, if the society or trust has a land of its own, or, second, When the governing entity decides to buy a land for the proposed school. Buying land from the Government requires permission in the form of a no-objection certificate from the Department of Education of the concerned state. The no-objection certificate, called Essentiality Certificate (EC), Certifies the requirement of a school and college in a particular area. The logic behind the practice is to make Sure No two schools and college compete with each other and one becomes redundant. The EC comes with a Rider that construction must commence within three years, failing which the society will have to reapply for the same. One can apply to the concerned municipal corporation for land for the school and college with the EC. Land is supposed to be allotted to the governing entity at subsidized rates is usually allotted through auction. LAW APPLICABLE Originally, education was a state subject under the Constitution. In 1976, by a constitutional Amendment, education came in the concurrent list, the joint responsibility of the central and state governments. â€Å"It is almost impossible for a new entrant to get land. Land is normally granted to established players with a chain of schools and colleges. Even if a member on the board of a governing entity has land that the entity wants to use for setting up a school and colleges, a no-objection from the Department of Education stating the requirement of a school and colleges in that area is required. The major education boards of the country, namely, the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE), the Council for the Indian School Certificate examinations (CISCE), UGC and state government boards, have clearly laid down norms for land requirements for schools and colleges. This, in most cases, is 2 acres, except for hilly regions and metropolitan cities, where the requirement is less. Construction can take place only on a part of the land, and a playground has to be created in the rest. While conceiving the idea of a school and college, one has to assess the potentials of a location, kind of competition possible, and the target group—the lower middle class, upper middle class or the rich class—the school and colleges will cater to. From the time of forming a governing entity to a school and colleges actually starting up, one normally requires about a year, though taking more than two years is also not unheard of. Normally the infrastructure required to start up can be constructed within a period of six to seven months. Once the construction is over, school and college authorities need to apply for recognition. Up to Class 5 recognition from municipality is all that is required. For Classes 6 to 8 recognition comes from the Department of Education. Recognition for anything above this also comes from the Education Department, but after a minimum gap of two years. School authorities are free to seek affiliation to CBSE or CISCE or ugc. In that case, the school will have to follow the guidelines of the board it is seeking affiliation to. The school will need to follow the syllabus, books prescribed by the affiliating board, and pay specified salaries to the teachers. If it is not a government school, affiliation for schools normally comes in stages. Initially, for Classes 1 to 6 a temporary affiliation is given and guidelines are laid down for schools by the concerned education board. Once things are in place according to the guidelines, an inspection is conducted. If things are to the satisfaction of the board authorities, permanent affiliation is bestowed on the school. ays inspections are not so rigorous after permanent affiliation is granted, but a school has to be run according to the rules of the board. LICENSES AND DOCUMENTS Setting up a school involves a lot of legal processes from the very beginning. While forming a society, trust, or company, one has to have a Memorandum of Association, a document needed almost at every stage later. Like for any other business, a detailed project report for the school is al so needed. In addition, details of land and building, auditor’s statement, bank statements of the governing entity and their members and auditor’s statements are needed at some point or the other. Once the school and college building is ready for initial use, a certificate of recognition has to come from the state government, issued by the municipality for the junior classes, and by the Department of Education for middle school. If high school is to be added subsequently, certificate of up gradation is required which is again issued by the Education Department. Affiliation from either the CBSE or CISCE or UGC is also done through a set process. Things do not stop here, as schools and college need Certificates for hygiene, water, and completion of the building from the municipality.

How Ge Teaches Teams To Lead Change Management Essay

How Ge Teaches Teams To Lead Change Management Essay The purpose of the program was to support CEO Jeffery R. Immelts priority of growing GE by focusing more on expanding businesses and creating new ones than on making acquisitions. This program was effective for the company for many reasons and brought many advantages to it. For example, the business has accelerated its push into emerging markets, launched initiatives to revamp product development, and stepped up efforts to create new businesses. The reasons for why this program was so effective were because: the managers were given an opportunity to reach consensus on the barriers to change; both the hard and the soft ones. Furthermore, the challenge of balancing the short term and the long term was also addressed. The course also created a common vocabulary of change that became part of daily communications inside and across GEs businesses. This program was structured so that a team would emerge with the first draft of an action plan for instituting change in its business and would feel obligated to deliver on it. In September 2001, Jeff Immelt had launched an all-out effort to make GE as renowned for innovation and organic growth as it was for operational excellence. The main force behind GEs successes was its headquarters. Immelt understood that to speed progress, he needed to pass the baton to teams leading GEs businesses-which is where LIG came in. They reorganized functions such as sales and engineering and gave local teams more authority so that the leadership could extract itself from the problems of the present and spend more time on opportunities that would create the future. The purpose of LIG was to make innovation and growth as much of a religion at GE as Six Sigma had been under Jack Welch. Before a team went to Crotonville, it had done three things: It had updated its three-year strategy, the growth playbook. All its members had undergone a 360 review, and the teams scores on the growth values had been tabulated and analyzed in granular detail. Finally, its success in creating an innovative climate had been assessed. At the end of the course each team had about 20 minutes to deliver a presentation to Immelt. The presentation had to include a simplified vision of growth for the business and the organizational, cultural, and capability changes that the team members had decided should be made in order to optimize growth. LIGs team-based approach addresses shortcomings inherent in the individual-focused approach used by traditional management education programs. The LIG was a radical departure for GE, because it removed intact leadership teams from the exigencies of their business and allowed them to discuss the white space in a candid, introspective fashion for four whole days. In order to achieve the business goals in the organization, leaders should know in advance which things to do and how to do them. For example, taking a place in new markets or an expansion into different markets. After that they should decide which leadership style they want to use in order to fit in the new markets, all this by designing effective plans to manage themselves, subordinates and organization. Introduction/Paper discussion Titles and positions have always been important in our life and especially within organizational environment. People tend to get blinded by the titles that they have, and this influences the peoples behavior. The topic that we have chosen to analyze is about the type of power that leaders possess and how this could influence the effectiveness of being a leader. We have also chosen to talk about how powerful leaders with and without formal titles are. This is also because titles have always been present in our lives and they influence the image that we have of a person. We wanted to relate this to leaders. Theories have always discussed the importance of leadership and formal power, while based on our own experience, there are less researches done about informal power and its influence on leadership. Most people take formal positions and titles for granted. They always associate the amount of power a certain person has with the titles that they possess. We decided to take a deeper look at the influence of leaders with informal power on their workers and how this is different from the influence of leaders with formal positions. The main question of this analysis is: How would leaders with informal power influence their workers? The purpose of this study is to find out how leaders with informal positions motivate their workers to follow them and what the differences are between leaders with formal and informal power. Theoretical Perspectives We will start this analysis by looking at different article to get an insight on earlier discussions and researches about the topic. We will also research other articles that will support the case and help us answer the main question. In order to support our case, first we wanted to know the difference between formal and informal leaders. This is important because informal leaders dont have any formal authorized positions. This part will give us an insight on how informal leaders would influence others. The traits and skills of the informal leaders will also be mentioned here. After that, the difference between formal and informal power will be discussed. The reason of why we have chosen to discuss this is because it will give us an understanding of power and the link between power and leadership. Titles and leaders will also be discusses so that we would get clear insight about the link between titles and leaders. Furthermore, the influence of titles will also be mentioned in order to see how titles influence leaders and then eventually their ability to influence followers. After doing this analysis based on the earlier discussions and different arguments from varied studies and articles, we will use the book of Leadership in Organizations, written by Gray Yukl. The topic will be analyzed based on the concepts in this book. Theoretical Discussion Formal and Informal Leaders We will start our analysis by talking about formal and informal leaders and the differences between them. The article that is used here is a study done by the Ohio State University. Informal leaders are related to people who dont have any formal titles in the organization. They are seen as worthy of paying attention to, or following. People think that informal leaders have a certain trait that make the others in the organization pay attention to them and also follow them. While formal leaders hold a certain position and a formal authority in the organization, informal leaders dont. People choose to follow informal leaders because they want to, but with formal leaders they are obligated to follow them otherwise they would have to face the consequences of not complying. Informal leaders are able to make others follow them through their ability to gain followers respect, trust and confidence. The personal traits and skills that informal leaders have, can replace the formal power or position that they dont have. Informal leaders appear to treat everyone with dignity and respect. They exhibit honesty and dignity and emphasise service above self and they are more likely to build trust. Formal and Informal Power In order to get an understanding of power and the link between power and leadership we chose to analyze the formal and informal power. The article from University of Valencia, Spain is used to support our analysis. Formal power is based on the availability or capability to control the exchange of socially valued restricted goods whose distribution is related to the position in the organisation of hierarchy. Formal power is exercised in a top-down manner. The superiors exert formal power on the subordinates while the opposite is not the case. Therefore, it can be expected that a power agent holding a higher hierarchical position than that of the target will hold more formal power over the target than peers or subordinates. Informal power is based on positive interpersonal relations, involving the exchange of social support, referent relationships, or knowledge, or socially valued unrestricted goods. Informal power, not being necessarily associated with formal structure, can flow in all directions. However, positions in the hierarchies affect the development of personal relationships. Dyadic cohesion develops through an emotional/affective process characteristic of equal-power relations that can be obstructed by the unequal relationships that characterize formal power relationships. Taking this into account, it can be expected that members in a similar hierarchical position to the target will hold higher informal power over the target person than superiors and subordinates. Based on what is mentioned above, we can say that formal and informal power is really important in organisational life. They have influence on how leaders exercise their power. For example, leaders with formal positions exercise their power in a top-down manner, while those with informal power can influence others who are on the same level without any formal position. There is no formal structure but the relation between the individuals in the organization could go to any direction. Looking at this topic from a different perspective, power can be grouped in two categories, the social condition and the personal ability. These categories aim to distinguish positional power and personal power. Position power steams from a persons formal position and implies the legitimate authority to use positive and negative sanctions such as reward and coercion; while on the other hand personal power refers to expertise, referent power and charisma of a person. Summarising this, position power mostly refers to the existing organisational hierarchy that renders management the ability to control the behaviour of others and to change the organisational structure and processes. On the other hand, personal power refers to power sources connected to particular abilities, skills and experience of an actor. As we can see, position power could be related to the formal power that people have. It is the authorised and legitimate power that they possess. They have the title and formal posit ion to exercise their formal power to make others in the organisation follow them. Personal power can be related to the informal power, this is where people dont have authorised power, position or title to make people follow them, but they do it through their personal trait and skills. We can use volunteer work as an example of the distinction between leaders with formal and informal power. When we think about non-profit organizations we think about organizations where people dont have any formal power or positions. The idea of such organizations is to let people work without using any formal authority and to achieve the organizational goals. These people don ´t have a formal title and their followers are not obligated to follow them. This makes it challenging to these organizations to survive and serve their main goals. Nowadays, almost all kind of organizations rapidly adapt the formal business culture to face the challenges and survive in the marketplace. The workers in these organizations get formal positions to make sure that the work gets done properly. A good example of a leader who combined the formal and informal power in his leadership is Nelson Mandela. He conveyed his beliefs about racism and discrimination to the world and he was the formal leader of anti-discrimination organizations. While when Nelson Mandela was in prison, he didnt have any formal power but he still influenced a lot of people in the world. Position and Personal Power Power is usually used to describe the absolute capacity of the individual agent to influence the behaviour or attitudes of one or more designated target persons at a given point in time. Power is divided into two major groups; position power and personal power (Bass, 1960; Etzioni, 1961). Position power includes potential influence derived from legitimate authority, control over resources and rewards, control over punishments, control over information, and control over the physical work environment. Personal power includes potential influence derived from task expertise, and potential influence based on friendship and loyalty. Based on this study, the position power is more related to formal leaders because the people in organizations who have legitimate power give direct orders and requests in organizations. They have the authority to reward the followers, punish them if they dont comply with the orders, they have the control over information which is available and they also have control over the situation. While on the other side, leaders with informal positions have more of the personal power. Informal leaders exercise referent power through role modelling, because a person who is well liked and admired can have considerable influence over others by setting example of proper and desired behaviour for them to imitate. When identification is strong, imitation is likely to accrue even without any conscious intention by the agent. Informal leaders are charismatic and they are very much admired by the others, this is why others follow them even without having any legitimate power. Informal leaders are also known for being friendly, attractive, charming and trustworthy, they also show concern for the needs and feelings of the others, demonstrating trust and respect, and treating people fairly. Referent power depends greatly on these characteristics and personal traits and therefore any person in the organization who possesses these kind of skills can influence the other workers without doing any effort. Position power is important, not only as a source of influence but also because it can be used to enhance a leaders personal power. Besides that, most of power studies have found that effective leaders rely more on expert and referent power to influence subordinates, this is because they are positively correlated with subordinate satisfaction and performance. On the other hand, the same study has also found that legitimate power is an important reason for behavioural compliance. (Hinkin Schriesheim, 1989; Rahim, 1989; Schriesheim, Hinkin Podsakoff, 1991). So in the end, both position and personal power are essential for a leader to be effective in the workplace. Titles and Leaders The article Titles dont make leaders from the Harvard Business school is used here to support out hypothesis. Stever Robbins argues that leadership often ignores the fact that leadership is powerful at any and all levels-and that you do not need to be heading up an organization to be an effective leader. He believes that it doesnt matter what title or position you have, in order to do your job effectively. Some of the most effective business people could influence others without having any superior role or title. He also argues that a leaders job is to insure the success of the organization no matter who reports to whom in any given group. This means that anyone in the group can be the leader as long as he/she is willing to achieve the goals of the organization. Furthermore, the true measure of leadership is influence, nothing more nothing less. The capacity to influence others to participate is what defines a leader. As we have said before, people can get confused about titles and their connection to leadership. In most cases they think that just because a person has a certain title then that makes them leaders. But the reality says that leadership is about influence, influencing people to perform and do what they are supposed to do. This article also argues that the most a title can do is buy some time to increase or decrease the ability to influence the person who holds it. So titles can give individuals only temporary power to influence people and make them follow. So even if titles can be important in some situations like in the military where they have the power to control their subordinates, this does not make them leaders. It just gives them the power to use their power to give orders and make others follow them. A person will be perceived as a leader, regardless to his/her titles. Being seen as a leader doesnt have to do with the titles that you possess but its more about how you contribute to the success of the goals. This gives us the underlying base of our analysis. As we see here, Stever doesnt see any link between titles and the power to influence people but he believes that the actions of a person has more effect on influencing others and making them follow you or your orders. Charismatic Leaders Professor Martin Kilduff from University of Cambridge argues that charisma is considered to be an inherent quality that involves not just strong convictions and the ability to engage followers emotions, but also vision the articulation of lofty goals and the determined pursuit of those goals through the encouragement of others efforts. Also a numerous studies have concluded that charismatic leadership has positive effects on followers motivation, their satisfaction with leaders, as well as boosting leader effectiveness. With this being said, we see that charisma helps leaders to achieve the goals of the organization and makes people follow them. Leaders with charisma are seen to be more successful than others. Charismatic leaders are able to make others follow them easily without making much of an effort. But charisma is different from other personality attributes in that it is attributed to leaders by others their team mates, subordinates, and other people with whom they come into contact in the workplace and beyond. So informal or formal leaders need to interact with their followers and show their personality in order for them to be seen as charismatic. A research which was done by Martin Kilduff co-authored with Prasad Balkundi and David Harrison, forthcoming in Journal of Applied Psychology concluded that leaders who were active in their teams in terms of being at the centre of giving advice to subordinates and also soliciting opinions from subordinates tended to emerge as charismatic leaders in the eyes of those subordinates. Thus, in order for leaders to be seen as charismatic, whether they are formal or informal, they need to be active with followers, listen to their opinions and also provide them with guidelines or advices about work-related matters. Informal leaders are more likely to be seen more charismatic than formal leaders because they are more available and easier to be reached. They have better relations with their followers and they also solicit their opinions about important problems and issues. So formal leaders need to establish themselves as informal leaders in order to make their subordinates turn to them when they are faced with problems and issues. Leadership and Followers Several interrelated factors determine whether workers will follow their leader and how they asses leaders effectiveness. A leader will be seen as competent based on this improving performance, so if his/her performance is declining then followers will not comply. Followers will not only judge a leaders competence or performance but they will also judge leaders intentions. A leader who appears to be more concerned about followers and the missions than about the personal benefit or career advancement will gain more follower approval. Also a leaders who make visible self-sacrifices in the service of the organization will be viewed as more sincere and committed. Followers also consider the extent to which the leader appears to be similar to them in terms of values, beliefs, and other qualities they consider important. Followers who identify strongly with the group of the organizations are likely to have more trust in the leader who appears to be one of them and will make more favourable attributions about the leader. Because informal leaders dont have any authorized positions they are more likely to be seen as a member of the group. Therefore they are considered to share the same values and beliefs. They are trusted and seen as if they care more about the others and the organization goals than themselves. This is one of the reasons why the other workers consciously or unconsciously decide to follow the informal leaders. Informal leaders mostly have two roles, one is following the formal leaders and complying with their legitimate orders and the other one is informally leading their groups of colleagues. In order for these informal leaders to be effective they need to balance between these both roles, otherwise they would lose their identity and the trust or respect of the others. The challenge of informal leaders is harder because they are supposed to guide and support their followers plus satisfying their formal leaders. In order to further support this part of the study, a closer look will be taken on which factors influence the decision of followers to follow a leader. This will be supported by a study done by Thach, Thompson, and Morris 2006. One of the factors that influence followers to follow is motivation. In order for a leader to motivate his/her followers, he/she needs to show trust and respect and make them realize that their participation and achievements are important and essential for achieving the organizational goals and make it successful. This results to confident followers who believe that they can do the requested task. Mutual trust is the basis of an effective follower-leader relationship. This means that in order for followers to follow their leader, followers need to believe that the leader has their best interest. What also motivates followers is how similar their values and beliefs are with the leaders. Follower values determine their preferences for different types of leaders, they always look for leaders whose values match their own. When followers are comfortable with their leaders then they would follow them easily. Conclusion After having used several studies, articles and concepts, we got a clear insight about how leaders function, and influence followers. This study helped us answering the main questions this analysis which is: How would leaders with informal power influence their workers? Leaders with informal power influence followers by having personal characteristics, traits and skills. Being charismatic, showing trusts and respect to their co-workers, and believing in their ability to achieve the organizational goals and participating in its success are examples of these characteristics. Followers prefer leaders with whom they share values and beliefs. They are more comfortable in dealing with those leaders and other ones. Informal leaders usually fall in this category rather than formal leaders, this is because informal leaders are in the same hierarchical level and they are also considers as members of the same group. Informal leaders possess more of the personal power than positional power and from the used studies we came to know that personal power has more positive effect of followers than positional power has. Influencing followers is done by using the referent power and specially being role models to their followers. Titles and leaders are not directly connected. Leaders dont have to have any formal titles or power to be able to influence their followers and make them achieve the organizations goals. They can be leaders through their achievements, behaviour and the way they do their work. In this case, they can still be a role model for the followers and motivate them to do the work without having to use their titles. In the end we see that informal leaders influence followers not through titles or positions but through their charismatic personality, traits and skills. They are the people who followers look up to and want to follow.

A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings Essay -- Literary Analysis, Gabriel

Criticism through Characters: â€Å"A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings† â€Å"A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings† is a fascinating narration that can be appreciated as a captivating tale for children as well as an intriguing fiction for the adult reader. This children tale develops in a mixture of fantasy and realism scenario, which characterizes the style of the author of this story, Gabriel Garcia Marquez (Norton 428). The narrative is about the appearance of an old man, with the physiognomy of an angel that appears in the backyard of Pelayo and Elisenda, a poor couple, from a town near a coast. Despite the appearances, the fundamental aspect of this tale is not the supernatural look of this old man, but the community attitudes toward the unknown. This can be observed as the news of the arrival of a "flesh-and-blood angel" is rapidly spread among the neighbors of Pelayo and Elisenda, and the comments and judgments are not slow to appear (Marquez 270). While the villagers consider him a true angel, the pastor distrusts his celestial nature, sin ce the creature does not speak â€Å"the language of God† (270). Therefore, in this tale Marquez use the characters of this story as a way to criticize the way people think without looking beyond what they are facing. The old man, or angel, anti-hero role serves to shape the ideas behind the central theme of this tale. Besides his strange arrival in the story, the reader is only able to know more about the old man outlook than his personality. The first concise description of the main character is found in the story title, it does not speak of an angel, but "a very old man" (269). The only thing that allows to recognize this mystic creature as an angel is his "enormous wings," because without it i... ...rding to the wisdom of the wise neighbor woman was the food prescribed for angels (270). This ignorance in which they fell was later the subject of disappointment, as they believed that the angel would meet their requests that did not happen. "A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings" is a social critic on the mindset of people about different ideas. It is also a story that causes extensive discussion about the symbolism, which allows many interpretations, but the main message as social critique is presented by Mà ¡rquez is mainly through the characters attitudes and actions. The angel then, serves as a representative of the unknown world and the treatment of his hosts and onlookers shows their way of not accepting the unknown. In other words, the angel’s role in the story is to reflect the limits of human reasoning about things different from everyday life.

The House on Mango Street Cisneross Style :: House Mango Street

The House on Mango Street Cisneros's Style Sandra Cisneros's writing style in the novel The House on Mango Street transcends two genres, poetry and the short story. The novel is written in a series of poetic vignettes that make it easy to read. These distinguishing attributes are combined to create the backbone of Cisneros's unique style and structure. The novel has confused many critics and readers because it reads like poetry, yet in actuality it is a narrative. Cisneros admits that many of the vignettes are "lazy poems." This means that they could be poems if she had taken the time to finish them (Olivares 145). At many times throughout the novel the words rhyme and can almost be put to a catchy tune. For example, the chapter "Geraldo No Last Name" reads like a poem with end rhyme and a structured pattern. "Pretty too, and young. Said he worked in a restaurant, but she can't remember which one" (Cisneros 65). At the other end of the spectrum, the novel is a series of vignettes. "I would affirm that, although some of the narratives of Mango Street are 'short stories,' most are vignettes, that is, literary sketches, like small illustrations nonetheless..." says critic Julian Olivares (145). Cisneros has stated that she wants a reader to be able to pick up the novel and understand its meaning from any point within; therefore, the novel is told in a series of vignettes, each of which makes it own point. The vignettes are combined to create a larger story (Olivares 145). "Chanclas" is an example of Cisneros's sound prose vignettes. "Meanwhile that boy who is my cousin... asks me to dance and I can't" (Cisneros 47).This chapter is a literary sketch which illustrates Esperanza's insecurity about being poor. Mango Street isn't necessarily structured in chronological order. There are no drastic nor specific changes in time. The reader understands that the character is growing up, but the existing structure can be rearranged without compromising the reader's understanding. The chapters "Hips" ("They(hips) bloom like roses, I continue because it's obvious I'm the only one who can speak with any authority...") and "The First Job" ("So the next morning I put on the navy blue dress that made me look older.

Essay --

The original synthesis did not go to completion; starting materials remained unreacted. This was confirmed when the purified product was isolated and determined to not be pure (Figure 7). Increasing the amount of solvent (DMF), obtaining a crude HNMR spectrum after 3 hours of the reaction to monitor reaction progress, increasing the reaction length with respect to the findings of the crude HNMR spectrum, obtaining a pH of 2-3 during the acidification (in order to obtain only the carboxylic acid product instead of a mixture with the carboxylate salt) and refining the recrystallization method, are all some of the adjustments to the experimental parameters. When the reaction parameters were changed to 6 hours and the acidified product had a pH of 2-3, a 20% yield of a white, flaky solid of the 4-4 coupling product was obtained. When the reaction parameters were changed to 18 hours, a 32% yield was obtained. However, a significant amount of decarboxylated byproduct was formed. A re crystallization procedure was developed to isolate the pure 4-4 coupled product (See Methods). An alternate synthetic pathway was developed due to the low percent yield and high levels of undesired side products of the reaction. Such characteristics are not ideal for a key starting material in a long synthetic series.Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are poisons that infect humans and are known to cause the human disease botulism 1,2,3,4,5. Having an LD50 of 1.0ng/kg body weight for humans, this makes the botulinum neurotoxin one of the most toxic known poisons still active today. BoNTs are listed as a category A bio threat agent by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1,2,3,4,5. Currently, there is no cure or effective treatme... ... be the most advantageous line of study 1,2,3,4,5. Unlike vaccines, chemically stable small molecules would remain viable for many years due to the dramatically larger half-lives. A large number of peptide-based inhibitors have been explored, but due to their short in vivo lifetimes, they make a poor candidate for new drugs 2. Broad spectrum BoNT inhibitors have been largely attempted to develop, but have rarely been met with success. Therefore, shifting the focus to develop serotype specific inhibitors have been the new focus in combatting botulinum neurotoxins. The overall goal has been modified to develop small, cell-permeable, low molecular weight, non peptidic drug like molecules capable of inhibiting BoNT/A, the deadliest of the seven serotypes. In order to achieve this, small molecule drug development is aimed at inhibiting the LC activity of BoNT/A 5.

Hardness Removal

Lab X3: Hardness Removal The objective of the experiment was to remove water hardness through the use of different methods such as: chemical addition, flocculation, and settling. Equipment Used: Buret 150 mL beaker 1-2L jar Filter paper, funnel Stir bar, magnetic stirrer Rapid mix reactor Stop watch Fisherbrand 100-1000? L digital pipet – serial number: DH94800 pH indicator paper Experimental conditions – 74. 6 ? F Data and Analysis Table 1: Parameters of untreated water| pH| ALK total (mg/L as CaCO3)| TH (mg/L as CaCO3)| Calcium hardness (mg/L as CaCO3)| Magnesium hardness (mg/L as CaCO3)| 6. 9| 188| 328| 296| 32| Table 2: Data for hardness and other parameters of softened water| pH| Starting position (mL)| Ending position (mL)| Volume of 0. 0100M EDTA for total hardness titration (mL)| Starting position (mL)| Ending position (mL)| Volume of 0. 0100M EDTA for calcium hardness titration (mL)| 7| 0. 00| 4. 20| 4. 20| 6. 90| 9. 85| 2. 95| Calculations for softened water: Total Hardness = 4. 20 mL 0. 0100 M EDTA50 mL (sample)*1000 mL1 L*1 mg CaCO31 mL 0. 0100 M EDTA=84 mgLCaCO3 Calcium Hardness = 2. 95 mL 0. 0100 M EDTA50 mL (sample)*1000 mL1 L*1 mg CaCO31 mL 0. 100 M EDTA=59 mgLCaCO3 Magnesium Hardness = 84 mgLCaCO3-59 mgLCaCO3= 25 mgLCaCO3 Questions: 1) Based on this experiment what additional step is needed to make the water suitable for human consumption? 2) What was the percentage removal of total hardness, calcium, and magnesium? The percentage removal for total hardness was 74. 39%, for Calcium 80. 06%, and for Magnesium 21. 88%. Total Hardness Percentage Removal = 100-84328*100=74. 39 % Calcium Percentage Removal = 100-59296*100=80. 06% Magnesium Percentage Removal = 100-2532*100=21. 88% ) How close did the treatment process come to reaching the practical limits of hardness reduction? Hardness removal limits were not achieved. Calcium was reduced to a concentration of 59 mg/L versus the limit of 30 mg/L. And in the case of Magnesium the conce ntration was reduced to 25mg/L versus the limit of 10mg/L. Calcium percent difference: 30-5930=96. 66% (Absolute value) Magnesium percent difference: 10-2510=150% (Absolute value) 4) How many metric tons of Ca(OH)2 and NaCO3 are necessary to process 59 million gallons of water per day based on the calculations of 1. a. and 1. b.?To run this water softening technique in a water plant processing 59 million gallons per day it would require 51 tons of Ca(OH)2 and 33 tons of NaCO3 2. 27*10-4kgL*223. 02*106L*(ton1000 kg)=51 tons of CaOH2 per day 1. 48*10-4kgL*223. 02*106L*(ton1000 kg)=33 tons of NaCO3 per day Discussion Hard water is an issue for industries that rely on large amounts of water to operate. Hardness generated by elements such as calcium and magnesium cat ions produce scum in pipes and with many industrial chemicals reduces their overall effectiveness. That is why it is important to have economic and reliable ways of reducing water hardness in large scales.The particular meth od used in this experiment was lime soda softening. It has to be noted that this particular procedure only works for water that has an initial pH level lower than 8. Based on stoichiometry and the addition rules according to Nazaroff and Alvarez-Cohen we are able to find what concentration of Ca(OH)2 and NaCO3 are needed to remove hardness from the water. Based on our results the softening of the water was a success. Initial total hardness was recorded at 328 mg/L, after softening the concentration was found to be 84 mg/L.Looking individually at the reduction of calcium and magnesium the concentration was reduced from 296 mg/L to 59 mg/L and 32 mg/L to 25 mg/L respectively. Even though a large amount of the hardness was removed from the water it was nowhere near the practical limit levels. This can be attributed to the fact that the reactions that dictate hardness removal suffer from diminishing returns. Sources of error in this lab can be attributed to the fact that the sample wate r was only allowed to precipitate for 15 minutes instead of the 20 that was required as stated by the procedure.

Out of Shadows Themes

Change and racism evidently aids the characterization and the development of the text because these significant themes help the portrayal of the characters as they are relatable In society. The text being explored Is â€Å"out of the Shadows† by Jason Wallace. Change reoccurs throughout the text which helps to develop Roberts character. Similarly, the major connotation of racism also engages readers to relate to the changes of Roberts and Van's character. Change is evident in the development of Roberts character as he experiences his journey with Ivan and his friends.At the beginning of the text, Out of the Shadows by Jason Wallace, Robert has an awkward confrontation with his ex-friend Nelson when he was with Ivan. Knowing how Ivan would react, Robert harshly told Nelson to leave him alone and not to mind his business. This is demonstrated in the quote, â€Å"l don't know why I felt surprised, wasn't that what I'd been after? † The use of the soliloquy creates an impre ssion that Robert is realizing he is changing into to someone he isn't. He Is questioning why he was having doubts as that was what he had wanted to achieve In the first place.This obscurity in how Robert feels about becoming a new self helps the Idea that change Is a recurring theme throughout the text. In another scenario, Robert Is responding to his dad why he has not been playing or hanging around with Nelson anymore. In this quote, â€Å"He's not really a friend anymore. † Robert replied with a tone that seemed he was trying to tell himself how he ‘felt' instead of his father. The doubt he is experiencing emphasizes he is trying to turn over a new leaf in order to fit in, and hence Robert deals with change throughout the text.Another significant theme recurring through the text is racism. This is shown in the quote, â€Å"He's using his color to his advantage†. The metaphor used suggests that the author is putting out the fact that racism was still a major i ssue in those times and needed to be viewed differently. Ivan is disgusted by Nelson, who he says is using is color to his advantage because blacks in those time were viewed as the unfortunate. The harsh meaning behind this racist comment, gives people an urge to change and make a difference In racial equality.Van's character persists to tell the readers he does not appreciate the ‘blacks' and always finding a reason to hate on them. This is shown in the line † No, special. He's black. † The italics used for the word, ‘special' emphasizes racial equality is not evident in this text. The composers use of a metaphor shows the scorn and harsh personality of Ivan and thus engages the audience in the relevant issues of society. In conclusion, change and racism are significant themes in the text which are sadly still relevant now in our society.The change in Roberts character gives the reader's a personal insight on how these relevant ideas involving post-colonial Zanzibar, affect people negatively. It is responsible for the portrayal of all the characters in ‘Out of Shadows'. Out of Shadows Essay – Themes By Gregariousness relatable in society. The text being explored is â€Å"out of the Shadows† by Jason Lorene with Ivan and his friends. At the beginning of the text, Out of the Shadows by lasso Wallace, Robert has an awkward confrontation with his ex-friend Nelson when isn't.He is questioning why he was having doubts as that was what he had wanted to achieve in the first place. This obscurity in how Robert feels about becoming a new self helps the idea that change is a recurring theme throughout the text. In another scenario, Robert is responding to his dad why he has not been playing or hanging change and make a difference in racial equality. Van's character persists to tell the word, ‘special' emphasizes racial equality is not evident in this text. The composer's

Pearl Harbor Turning Point in History Essay

We chose our topic by making a list of possible topics that interested us and looking at the topics that were suggested by our teacher. We then researched a little bit, reading books and articles about different topics and events that happened in history. We finally decided on The Attack of Pearl Harbor, because it interested us the most. I began my research by going to the library to find out as much information about Japan and America during that era. Then, i began to search online for specific documents that gave insight on the attack on Pearl Harbor. After that, i began to look up video and other primary source documents. From that, my project began to evolve. The road to war between the United States of America and Japan began on the surprise aerial attack on the United States Navy base in Pearl Harbor on December 7th 1941. This was the first step that brought the might United States into the Second World War Relations between the two countries started to detireate in the early 1930’s when Japan started to become aggressive in Asia, mainly in Manchuria in 1931 and tried to start conquering the rest of China into 1937. Japan in 1940 decided to allied itself with the â€Å"Axis† with countries like Germany. This alone made us extremely interested in the topic After deciding on the topic of The Attack Of Pearl Harbor, we researched more about this event by going to the library, researching online, reading books, reading articles, watching videos, and looking at pictures from that day. There were many primary and secondary sources about this topic, which made it easier to research. There were also many pictures, which was surprising considering this event occurred in 1941. We decided to do a website for our History fair project. Once we determined our topic we realized it would be very difficult to find some time to meet up and work on the project, that’s when we thought to do a website. It would easy for both of us to access, since we both have computers at home. Also we don’t have to always meet up to work on it. This gives us both more time to add more information to our website and make it better. Our project about Pearl Harbor relates to the National History Day theme of 2012, turning points in history, because the attack itself was a turning point within a turning point. World War 2 was a turning point in our history because it helped to stop communism and the spreading of Adolf Hitler’s power. And The Attack of Pearl Harbor is a turning point in the war, the point when the United States decided to take part in the war. Before the bombs hit us, we wanted to stay out of the war. But after Japan mercilessly bombed Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, we knew it was time to try to put an end to the axis powers. Without this attack, we wouldn’t have joined the war, and the war wouldn’t have affected us. And without the bombing, the axis powers probably would’ve had a chance of winning, so the US joining the war was a big turning point.

Health Effects of Electromagnetic Radiation in Cellular Phones

HEALTH EFFECTS OF EM RADIATION IN CELLULAR PHONES Health effects of EM radiation in cellular phones Part 1 ( Identifying a Subject ) Identified subject isHealth effects of EM radiation in cellular phones Cellular phones communicate via wireless frequence ( RF ) transmittal in a web dwelling of aerials or base Stationss. The term â€Å"cellular telephone† refers to the localized or fragmented nature of the overall web. Base Stationss provide connexion for a little part. The webs used in nomadic telephone following four chief criterions viz. GSM, WCDMA, UMTS, and LTE ( Nair and Morgan 89 ) . Antennas every bit good as the nomadic French telephone are two beginnings of electromagnetic radiation ( EMR ) . Radiation from the aerial is typically low but that from the French telephone is more intense. There are many beginnings of electromagnetic radiation and this radiation has magnetic every bit good as electric Fieldss. The survey of the magnetic every bit good as electric Fieldss has many enormous benefits to humanity. It allows applied scientists to utilize radiation for practical and safe applications. Electromagnetic radiation is measured in wavelength as the diagram below show s. [ beginning: Oatley 56 ] The longer wavelength has low energy, the shorter wavelength has more energy, and therefore a possible beginning of ionising radiation. The nomadic phone system falls about halfway along the spectrum. The energy is the beginning of ionising consequence that causes malignant neoplastic disease when in contact with human organic structure. This subject relates to the primary constructs of the class because it deals with electromagnetic radiation. I found this subject interesting because on one manus, it deals with application of electromagnetisms in communicating and on the manus possible wellness impact of users. I feel that in this instance, engineering is seen as a double-edged blade. Lifes of one million millions of people in the universe have changed due to acceptance of cellular devices. However, there are lingering inquiries about the safety of the devices. Part two ( study ) Health effects of EM radiation in Cellular Telephones Topic Overview and Background Globally, more than 6.9 billion people use nomadic phones. Harmonizing to International Agency for Research on Cancer, the electromagnetic Fieldss produced by cellular phones are perchance carcinogenic. This averment is non universally accepted and more research is being carried out to find how nomadic phones are. World wellness organisation ( WHO ) is expected to carry on formal hazard appraisal following twelvemonth to find the full impact of exposure to cellular phones electromagnetic Fieldss. None of the modern engineerings is every bit omnipresent as cellular phone. In some states, more than half of the population uses a nomadic phone device. The figure of cellular phone devices in the universe is expected to make a astonishing 9 billion by 2020. Most of the new proprietors will come from developing states where fixed telephone was nonexistent before the debut of nomadic phones. Given the big figure of phones in the market, every bit good as broad acceptance, it is of import to understand the impact of cellular radiation on human wellness. Cellular phones transmit wireless waves through a web of base Stationss. The base Stationss are basically antennas. The wireless frequence moving ridges transmitted are electromagnetic Fieldss, which are non ionising like X raies or gamma beams. Cellular phone wireless frequence moving ridges can non interfere with the body’s chemical bonds. Electromagnetic radiation released by cellular phone is a signifier of radiation though non-ionizing one. It is thought that the heat absorbed by the organic structure cells and tissues trigger unnatural cell divisions merely like ionising radiation does. Radiation is unsafe to human wellness. From laboratory surveies, radiation mutagenesis causes DNA omissions, DNA misrepair, and DNA misrecombination. Ionizing radiation causes dual strand in DNA to interrupt. A survey carried out on spacemans suggest that they are exposed to radiation degrees of about 147.5 mSv which causes additions frequence of chromosomal aberrances after flight to infinite ( David 34 ) . These aberrances are minimum or absent before the flight. This suggests that chromosomal aberrances can be straight attributed to cosmic radiation in infinite. Scientists have long thought that one time radiation hits the cell, the Deoxyribonucleic acid is damaged and job merely occurs when the cell is unable to to the full mend the harm. However, emerging grounds suggest that when cells are exposed to radiation, it produces genomic instability. This means that radiation causes harm that merely becomes seeable in future coevalss. Cellular phones are radio frequence senders and they operate 450 and 2700 MHz at their extremum within the scope of 0.1 to 2 Wattss. Transmission occurs merely when the device is turned on. Exposure to the electromagnetic beams depends on the distance between the user and the device. As the distance between the French telephone and a individual additions, exposure to radio frequence starts to fall quickly. When a device is for illustration 30 centimetres from the organic structure as is the instance when a user is directing message or shoping the cyberspace, exposure to electromagnetic Fieldss is significantly low. For minimal exposure, the best cellular phones are the custodies free 1s. Hands free cellular phones allow the user to pass on when the phone is at a safe distance from the organic structure. In add-on to utilizing custodies free devices, exposure to radio frequence radiation is low when doing a call in an country with good response. The quality of response determines the sum of power used by phone and the low the power the lower the exposure to radio frequence field exposure. In infirmaries aeroplanes, cellular phones are prohibited because they can interfere with some medical and navigation equipments. Health effects of EM radiation in Cellular Telephones The wellness hazard of nomadic phone usage have been studied extensively in the last 20 old ages and research workers have non been able to set up once and for all that the usage of cellular phones exposes users to put on the line of malignant neoplastic disease or other medical conditions. The chief mechanism through which the wireless frequence energy interacts with the both is tissue heating. When wireless frequence energy is in big sums, organic structure tissues can potentially heat up therefore enduring injury. Cellular phones releases low wireless frequence energy and therefore the tegument absorbs most of the energy released or other tissues found on the surface of the organic structure. Consequently, cellular energy released consequences in really small temperature rise in the encephalon or any delicate variety meats. Beyond heating organic structure tissues, scientists have besides focused on possible intervention of organic structure cardinal mechanism and the consequences have been negative. Cellular phones wireless frequence Fieldss do non interfere with electrical activity inside the encephalon, sleep form, cognitive map, or blood force per unit area. Theoretically, wireless frequence energy at high degrees should interfere with the organic structure maps but at low degrees, it appears safe. wireless frequence energy at degree below that can do tissue heating have no impact on voluntaries studied by research workers in many surveies. One country of concern that has been studied intensively is symptoms of electromagnetic hypersensitivity that some people have reported. Surveies on these instances suggest that there is no causal relationship between the usage of cellular phones and development of electromagnetic hypersensitivity status. In the short squad, cellular phones frequence Fieldss appear to be harmless, at least harmonizing to surveies carried out so far. However, there are concerns that there is harm below the degree that can non be perceived in the short term. Surveies looking at the long-run hazard of wireless frequence field exposure examine possible association between encephalon tumour and usage of cellular devices. These types of surveies have been impeded by the fact that nomadic phones became widespread merely a decennary ago. Cancers typically show up many old ages after the event that led to abnormal cell division that lead to malignant neoplastic disease. Research workers focus on instances that become apparent after short periods. Harmonizing to International Agency for Research on Cancer ( IARC ) , nomadic phone usage does non increase the hazard of developing conditions such as glioma or meningioma ( Herman 56 ) . These conditions have non increased significantly in the last 10 old ages since the debut of Mobile. This indirect grounds appear to propose that even in the long term, the hazard of developing malignant neoplastic diseases is low. IARC consider radiofrequency electromagnetic Fieldss as carcinogenic although there is deficiency of surveies that have positively linked radiofrequency energy with malignant neoplastic disease. Lack of information is straight attributable to the fact that cellular phones have merely been in usage for a few old ages whereas malignant neoplastic disease develops over a long period. It is thought that the issue will be clearer with clip as younger coevals that has grown up utilizing cellular phones mature holding been exposed to phone radiation for decennaries. My Personal Interest in the subject I am interested in this subject because it deals issues associating to electric, magnetic Fieldss, and possible wellness consequence after usage for a drawn-out period. As a cellular phone proprietor, I have been, like everyone else, concerned about the hazard it exposes to my wellness. Plants Cited Nair, Indira, and M. Granger Morgan.Biological Effectss of Power Frequency Electric and Magnetic William claude dukenfields. Washington, DC: Congress of the U.S. , Office of Technology Assessment: , 1989. Print. Oatley, Charles William.Electric and Magnetic William claude dukenfields: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1976. Print. Herman, Peter.Possible Health Effectss of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic William claude dukenfields. Washington, D.C. : National Academy, 1997. Print. David, John. Science, Engineering.Health Effectss of Low-frequency Electric and Magnetic William claude dukenfields. Oak Ridge, Tenn. : Oak Ridge Associated Universities ; , 1992. Print.

EXERCISE MODULE 8 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

EXERCISE MODULE 8 - Essay Example The company may need to finish the project according to a predefined deadline, it may be done to improve project cash flow, it may be a way of avoiding liquidation damages, it may be a way of recovering early days, it may also be a way of avoiding oncoming danger, for example adverse weather conditions that might affect the project’s progress, and it may also be a way of releasing key resources for an oncoming project (Kohli, 2007). It is also important to recognize that as projects continue, there are several indirect costs incurred that can be eliminated by shortening the duration time. These costs include; cost of equipment, interest on investment, machinery, facilities, personnel, labour, and the cost of time lost when some employees do not come regularly to work (Roy, 2005). Project duration can be reduced depending on the type of work being carried out, and the availability of resources. Projects involving installation or development of new software for a company’ s systems for example, may require a specific skill. This can only be obtained from specific persons. Reducing project duration considering this case will require additional labour time for the specialist. He or she will then be required to work overtime. This however, needs additional resources, for the specialist has to be paid for extra time worked. Project duration time can be reduced by: application of multiple-shifts work, offering incentive payments to increase the productivity, using additional resources when necessary, working extended hours, working on holidays and weekends, and using alternative methods and sequences among others (Roy, 2005). Reducing the time taken to complete a project involves reducing the activities’ duration, or adjusting overlaps between activities. This however, has an effect on the original plan in terms of the cost. Whenever activity duration is reduced, the cost increases. This is because, with reduced time for the activity, it means that additional resources were used to ensure a lot of work is done within a short period. Take an example of construction of a building. For a normal duration, there are seven workers employed to do specific duties. It is expected that their work will be completed in a month. Since the project duration has been reduced to two weeks, the company will have to employ additional workers with the same skills to speed up the work. The workers will have to be paid, therefore, additional resources. The tools and equipment used will also have to be added. A similar understanding can be obtained from overtime work. This requires additional wages, as well as costs used to correct quality problems (Kohli, 2007; Roy, 2005). This shows that there is a relationship between the direct cost, and time of completing an activity. The cheaper the resources, the longer the time they take to complete an activity. If the duration is shortened, there is an increase in direct costs. Direct costs are such as; th e cost of equipment, labour, and materials. This should however, not lead to an assumption that there is an automatic inverse relationship between the project duration and the quantity of resources deployed. This is because, not all activities are similar. There are those that can be done in a short time by deployment of more resources, and there are those that deployment of more resources does not reduce the time needed. For example, it should not be